5 Common Causes of Vaginal Discharge and When You Should Be Concerned

Last Updated on February 13, 2026

Vaginal discharge is a normal part of female health. The vagina produces fluid that helps keep the area clean and free from infection. However, the amount, color, and texture of discharge can change for many reasons. Some changes are perfectly normal, while others may signal a health problem that needs attention.

Most vaginal discharge is healthy and expected, but certain changes in color, smell, or texture can indicate an infection or other medical condition that requires treatment. Women often wonder whether their discharge is normal or if they should see a doctor. This article explains five common causes of vaginal discharge, from natural hormonal shifts to infections that need medical care. Understanding the difference between normal and abnormal discharge helps women know when to seek help from a healthcare provider.

Normal Hormonal Changes Throughout the Menstrual Cycle

Vaginal discharge naturally changes throughout the menstrual cycle due to shifts in hormone levels. Estrogen and progesterone control these changes and affect the amount, color, and texture of discharge.

Right after a period ends, discharge tends to be minimal or absent. As estrogen levels rise, discharge becomes clear and watery. During ovulation, discharge often resembles raw egg whites and stretches between the fingers.

After ovulation, progesterone levels increase and cause discharge to become thicker and cloudier, with white discharge before period appearing as a common occurrence, typically white or off-white in color. This type of discharge is a normal part of the body’s preparation for the next menstrual cycle.

These variations are completely normal and show that the reproductive system functions properly. However, discharge should not have a strong odor or cause irritation. Any discharge that appears green, gray, or yellow may indicate a problem that requires medical attention.

Yeast Infections Caused by Candida Overgrowth

A yeast infection occurs because of an overgrowth of a fungus called Candida. This fungus normally lives in the vagina in small amounts without causing any problems. However, certain conditions can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina.

The infection affects three out of four women at least once in their lifetime. Candida albicans is the most common type of yeast responsible for these infections. Several factors can trigger this overgrowth, such as antibiotics, diabetes, pregnancy, and hormonal changes.

Common symptoms include intense itching, a burning sensation, and changes to vaginal discharge. The discharge often appears thick and white, similar to cottage cheese. Some women may also experience redness and swelling around the vaginal area.

These infections develop because antibiotics can kill the good bacteria that normally keep yeast levels in check. Similarly, high blood sugar levels in people with diabetes create an environment where yeast thrives. Hormonal shifts during pregnancy or from birth control can also alter the vaginal environment and lead to yeast overgrowth.

Bacterial Vaginosis Due to An Imbalance of Vaginal Bacteria

Bacterial vaginosis happens when the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina gets disrupted. The vagina normally contains good bacteria that keep it healthy. However, sometimes harmful bacteria grow more than the good bacteria, which leads to this common infection.

Many women with bacterial vaginosis notice an off-white or gray discharge that has a distinct fishy smell. Some also experience itching or a burning feeling during urination. Interestingly, many women have no symptoms at all and may not know they have the condition.

BV affects women of all ages, but it occurs most often during the reproductive years. This infection can happen even without sexual activity. However, certain factors increase the risk, such as having multiple sexual partners or douching.

The condition is easy to treat with antibiotics from a doctor. Women should see a healthcare provider if they notice unusual vaginal discharge or any discomfort. Left untreated, bacterial vaginosis can increase the risk of other infections and pregnancy complications.

Sexually Transmitted Infections Like Chlamydia and Gonorrhea

Chlamydia and gonorrhea are two common bacterial infections that spread through sexual contact. Both can cause changes in vaginal discharge that may signal an infection. These STIs affect millions of people each year in the United States.

The discharge from these infections often looks different from normal discharge. For example, it may appear yellow or green and have a strong odor. Some people also notice pain or a burning feeling during urination.

However, many people with chlamydia or gonorrhea do not show any symptoms at all. This makes regular testing important for anyone who is sexually active. Without treatment, these infections can lead to serious health problems over time.

Both infections are treatable with antibiotics. A doctor can test for these STIs through a simple urine sample or swab. Anyone who notices unusual discharge should get tested as soon as possible.

These infections can affect the vagina, throat, or rectum depending on the type of sexual contact. Prevention includes using condoms correctly during all types of sexual activity.

Trichomoniasis, a Parasitic Infection Leading to Abnormal Discharge

Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. The infection spreads through sexual contact and affects millions of people each year. Many people carry the parasite without any symptoms at all.

Women with trichomoniasis often notice a thin, greenish-yellow discharge that may appear frothy or foamy. The discharge typically has a strong, unpleasant odor. Other symptoms include itchiness in the vaginal area, redness, and pain during urination or sex.

Men rarely show symptoms but can still pass the infection to their partners. Therefore, both partners need treatment to prevent reinfection. Doctors can diagnose trichomoniasis through a simple test of vaginal fluid or urine.

The good news is that trichomoniasis is completely curable with prescription medication. A healthcare provider will typically prescribe antibiotics to clear the infection. However, without treatment, the infection can last for months or even years.

Conclusion

Vaginal discharge serves a natural and important role in the body’s health. Most discharge is normal and varies throughout the menstrual cycle. However, certain changes in color, smell, or texture may signal an infection or other medical concern.

Anyone who notices unusual symptoms should contact a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. Early attention to abnormal discharge can prevent complications and provide peace of mind.